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親密暴力

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親密暴力受害者

親密伴侣暴力(英語:Intimate partner violence ,IPV)是現任或前任配偶伴侶針對另一位配偶伴侶親密關係中的家庭暴力[1][2]親密暴力可以採取多種形式,包括身體言語精神經濟性虐待世界衛生組織(WHO)將親密暴力定義為:「……親密關係中的任何行為,包括身體攻擊、性脅迫、精神虐待和控制行為,會對關係中的人造成身體、心理或性傷害。」[3]

这种暴力的最极端形式可以称为殴打、亲密恐怖主义、胁迫控制暴力或简单的脅迫控制,其中一个人是施暴者和控制者。这通常是男性对女性实施的,并且是最有可能需要医疗服务和使用女性庇护所的类型。[4][5][6]之后,抵抗親密暴力,这是一种自卫形式,可称为抵抗暴力,通常由女性進行。[7][8]关于针对男性的家庭暴力的研究表明,男性不太可能报告其女性亲密伴侣所犯下的家庭暴力。[9][10]

最常见但伤害性较小的亲密暴力形式是伴侶情境暴力,[5][6][7]这种情境暴力几乎平等地由伴侶雙方进行,并且更可能发生在年轻伴侶中,以及青少年和大学生。[7][11]最后一种形式的暴力,即关系中的两个伴侶都参与控制和暴力行为,被称为相互控制暴力。

參考文獻

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  1. ^ Connie Mitchell. Intimate Partner Violence: A Health-Based Perspective. Oxford University Press. 2009: 319–320 [September 12, 2016]. ISBN 978-0199720729. 
  2. ^ Mandi M. Larsen. Health Inequities Related to Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: The Role of Social Policy in the United States, Germany, and Norway. Springer. 2016: 110–111 [September 12, 2016]. ISBN 978-3319295657. 
  3. ^ Krug, Etienne G.; Dahlberg, Linda L.; Mercy, James A.; Zwi, Anthony B.; Lozano, Rafael. World report on violence and health需要免费注册. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2002. ISBN 9789240681804. 
  4. ^ Pamela Regan. Close Relationships. Routledge. 2011: 456–460 [March 1, 2016]. ISBN 978-1136851605. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Robert E. Emery. Cultural Sociology of Divorce: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. 2013: 397 [March 1, 2016]. ISBN 978-1452274430. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Anglin, Dierdre; Homeier, Diana C. Intimate Partner Violence. Marx, John; Walls, Ron; Hockberger, Robert (编). Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, Volume 1 8th. Elsevier Saunders. 2014: 875 [2018-08-19]. ISBN 978-1-4557-0605-1. (原始内容存档于2021-04-30). 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Howe, Tasha R. Families in crisis: violence, abuse, and neglect: intimate partner violence: marital rape. Howe, Tasha R. (编). Marriages and families in the 21st century a bioecological approach. Chichester, West Sussex Malden, Massachusetts: John Wiley & Sons. 2012. ISBN 9781405195010.  Preview.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  8. ^ Desmond Ellis, Noreen Stuckless, Carrie Smith. Marital Separation and Lethal Domestic Violence. Routledge. 2015: 22 [March 1, 2016]. ISBN 978-1317522133. 
  9. ^ Dutton, Donald G.; Nicholls, Tonia L. The gender paradigm in domestic violence research and theory: Part 1—The conflict of theory and data. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2005-09-01, 10 (6): 680–714. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2005.02.001. 
  10. ^ Watson, Dorothy; Parsons, Sara. Domestic Abuse of Women and Men in Ireland: Report on the National Study of Domestic Abuse (PDF). Dublin: National Crime Council of Ireland. 2005: 169 [June 28, 2014]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-12-29). 
  11. ^ Erica Bowen, Kate Walker. The Psychology of Violence in Adolescent Romantic Relationships. Springer. 2015: 107–108 [March 1, 2016]. ISBN 978-1137321404.